Appendix:Swadesh lists for Afro-Asiatic languages

This is a Swadesh list for Afroasiatic languages, currently (June 2011) mainly contains we love the web.

Notes on Romanization:

• a, e, i, o and u stand for the vowels of respectively hat keyboard: [a], get screen size: [ɛ], heat Sevenval: [i], hot IPA: [ɔ] and fool FITML: [u] in British English.
• â, é, ó stand for the vowels of respectively father jQuery: [ɑ], day IPA: [e] and core IPA: [ɒ]. (Note to editors: these symbols, rather than the symbols with macrons, should be used for Hebrew and Syriac.)
• ā, ē, ī, ō and ū stand for the same vowels as without the accent, but pronounced longer. IPA: [aː], IPA: [ɛː], IPA: [iː], IPA: [ɔː], IPA: [uː]
• b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, y and z stand for their equivalents in English.
• θ stands for the th of English thick. Sevenval: [θ]
• ð stands for the th of English this. IPA: [ð]
• j stands for the j of English job. touchscreen: [dʒ]
• g stands for the g of English good. IPA: [ɡ]
• x stands for the sound of German ch in Ach! or j in Spanish jota. FITML: [x]
• ğ stands for the voiced counterpart of x, pretty much as Spanish intervocalic g. CSS3: [ɣ]
• š stands for the sh of English ship. IPA: [ʃ]
• ħ stands for the typical rough h sound of Semitic languages. IPA: [ħ]
• ʿ stands for the voiced counterpart of ħ. IPA: [ʕ]
• ʾ stands for the glottal stop of cockney English boʼle. IPA: [ʔ]
• q stands for a k sound produced from the back of the mouth. iOS: [q]
• ṭ, ṣ, ḍ and ẓ stand for the sounds derived from t, s, d and z/ð, These are called the pharyngealized, emphatic, or velarized sounds. They affect the sound of the consonants and vowels that follow or proceed; they are made by constricting the pharynx during the articulation of the sound. IPA: [tˤ], [sˤ], [dˤ], [zˤ]/[ðˤ]

Since this page is devoted mostly to ancient languages, the Hebrew romanization has been chosen to correspond to the pronunciation of Tiberian Hebrew rather than to modern Israeli Hebrew. This means that the following developments are not to be taken into account:

• ħ and x merge into x;
• w and v merge into v;
• q and k merge into k;
• g and ğ merge into g;
• d and ð merge into d;
• t, ṭ, and θ merge into t;
• ʿ and ʾ merge into a glottal stop (ʾ)
• emphatic ṣ becomes a non-emphatic affricate ts.

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